Kev Ua Haujlwm Keeb Kwm I
1810s-1830s
Lub tshuab milling no tau ntev ntev rau El Whitney thiab hnub tim rau circa 1818. Los ntawm 1910s los ntawm 1940s, qhov no version ntawm nws provenance tau dav luam tawm. Nyob rau xyoo 1950 thiab 1960, ntau lub historians ntawm kev siv technology feem ntau discredited qhov pom ntawm lub tshuab no ua tus thawj miller thiab tejzaum nws txawm Whitney ua nws tus tsim. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tseem yog ib qho tseem ceeb thaum siv lub tshuab milling, tsis hais nws cov lus qhia provenance.
Lub Middletown milling tshuab ntawm circa 1818, txuam nrog Robert Johnson thiab Simeon North.
Lub tshuab milling ua tau tsim los ntawm James Nasmyth thaum xyoo 1829 thiab 1831 rau kev rau siab ntawm 6 tog ntawm lub txiv ntseej siv ib qho kev txhim kho kom zoo.
Milling cav tov evolved los ntawm kev xyaum ntawm cov teb daim ntawv-uas yog, khiav lub voj voog uas muaj ntaub ntawv -zoo li cov hniav hauv lub taub hau ntawm ib lub tshuab dhos . Teb cov ntaub ntawv thiab, tom qab, tseeb milling raug tsim los txo lub sijhawm thiab kev siv zog siv tes-ua. Tag nrho zaj dab neeg ntawm milling tshuab txoj kev loj hlob yuav tsis paub, vim hais tias ntau thaum ntxov kev loj hlob nyob rau hauv ib tug neeg lub khw uas ob peb cov ntaub ntawv khaws cia rau yav tom ntej. Txawm li cas los xij, cov ntsiab lus nthuav dav paub, raws li sau hauv qab no. Los ntawm keeb kwm-ntawm-tshuab seempoint, nws yog tseeb tias lub npe ntawm hom tshiab ntawm machining nrog lub sij hawm "milling" yog ib qho kev txuas ntxiv los ntawm qhov lo lus ntawd ntxov ua ntawm kev ua cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm abrading lawv nyob rau hauv ib txoj kev (txiav, sib tsoo, crushing , thiab lwm yam).
Teb cov lus ntev ntev milling. Ib cov ntaub ntawv tig los ntawm Jacques de Vaucanson , circa 1760, yog paub zoo. [15] Nws yog qhov tseeb tias milling cov cav tsheb yog cov khoom siv cuab yeej cuab tam (cais lathes khiav teb cov ntaub ntawv) thawj zaug nruab nrab ntawm 1814 thiab 1818. Lub chaw nruab nrab ntawm qhov tseeb ntawm kev cog cov milling muaj tseeb yog ob qho tseem fwv Teb Chaws Asmeskas ( Springfield thiab Harpers Ferry ) nrog rau ntau yam kev npau taws thiab hauv cov neeg ua haujlwm uas sib koom nrog cov txawj ua haujlwm nrog lawv.
Xyoo 1912 thiab 1916, Yauxej W. Roe , nws yog leej txiv uas siv cov cuab yeej cuab tam cov keeb kwm, uas yog El Whitney (ib qho ntawm cov khoom ntiag tug uas tau hais saum toj no) uas yog ua tus thawj tseeb tseeb milling tshuab. [17] [18] Los ntawm xyoo 1918, nws xam nws tias "Tej zaum lub cav milling thawj puas tau ua-qhov qub tshaj tam sim no hauv hav zoov [...]." [19] Txawm li cas los xij, cov kws tshawb fawb tom qab, nrog rau Robert S. Woodbury [20] thiab lwm tus neeg, [21] tau zoo dua rau Roe zaj keeb kwm ntawm keeb kwm thiab qhia tias tsuas muaj ntau qhov credit-qhov tseeb, tej zaum muaj ntau-belongs rau ntau lwm cov tswvcuab , nrog rau Robert Johnson ntawm Middletown, Connecticut ; Tus tauj ncov loj John H. Hall ntawm Harpers Ferry armory; Simeon North ntawm Staddle Hill Hoobkas hauv Middletown; Roswell Lee ntawm lub rooj sib tham Springfield; thiab Thomas Blanchard . (Muaj ntau cov txiv neej hais los saum toj no yog qee zaum piav qhia hauv internet tias "tus neeg muag khoom ntawm thawj lub cav milling" lossis "tus neeg muag khoom ntawm cov khoom sib hloov." Cov neeg pab leg ntaubntawv yog cov neeg ua haujlwm, xws li cov technologies no hloov dhau sijhawm ntau cov neeg.)
Peter Baida, [21] hais txog Edward A. Battison tsab xov xwm "Eli Whitney thiab Milling Tshuab," uas tau luam tawm nyob rau hauv Smithsonian Journal of History nyob rau xyoo 1966, piv txwv txog kev sib cav ntawm " Tus Txiv neej Great " duab ntawm Whitney los ntawm cov keeb kwm ntawm kev siv tshuab nyob rau xyoo 1950 thiab 1960s. Nws quotes Battison hais tias "Tsis muaj pov thawj qhia tias Whitney tau tsim lossis siv siv lub cav milling tseeb." Baida hais tias, "Lub npe Whitney tshuab ntawm 1818 zoo li tau ua tom qab Whitney txoj kev tuag nyob rau hauv 1825." Baida cite Battison lub tswv yim tias thawj lub cav milling thawj tau ua tsis yog Whitney, tiam sis yog Robert Johnson ntawm Middletown. [21]
Cov tub ntxhais hluas ntawm xyoo 19th yog lub sijhawm tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv keeb kwm ntawm cov cuab yeej cuab yeej siv, raws li lub sij hawm ntawm 1814 txog 1818 kuj yog lub sij hawm uas ob peb lub sij hawm kawm pioneers ( Fox , Murray , thiab Roberts ) tau tsim lub planer , [22] thiab nrog rau lub tshuab milling, cov hauj lwm ua nyob rau hauv ntau lub khw yog tsis muaj ntaub ntawv tsis muaj ntau yam vim li cas (ib ntus vim yog cov khoom ntiag tug, thiab tseem yog vim tsis muaj leej twg tau khaws cov ntaub ntawv rau cov neeg laus).
James Nasmyth tau txhim tsa ib lub cav milling heev rau nws lub sijhawm nruab nrab ntawm xyoo 1829 thiab 1831. [23] Nws tau npaj rau zeb rau lub kaum ntse ntse txiv ntoo uas tau muab txuas rau hauv qhov kev sib tw rau txoj hauv 6-txoj kev .
Lub tshuab ua milling tau siv thiab siv nyob rau hauv lub khw ntawm Gay & Silver (aka Gay, Silver, & Co) nyob rau hauv 1830s influential vim nws ua hauj lwm zoo dua txoj kev ntsug tso tshaj dua cov cav tov ua ntej. Piv txwv li, Whitney's lub tshuab (ib qho uas Roe pom thawj zaug) thiab lwm tus neeg tsis tau ua rau kev ntsug ntawm lub hauv caug. Tshaj tawm, qhov teeb meem ntawm kev ua hauj lwm tom qab yog tias lub cav yuav tsum teeb tsa nrog shims, vise, thiab lwm yam rau ib qho kev tsim, thiab qhov yuav tau ua kom tsis haum (lossis feem ntau yuav xav tau xwb). Qhov no qhia tau hais tias thaum ntxov xav txog kev siv cov milling tau ua cov cav tov ntau lawm, tsis yog cov cav tov.
Hauv cov xyoo dhau los no, cov milling tau pom ntau tshaj li qhov kev lag luam uas yuav tsum tau ua raws li kev ua tiav nrog cov ntaub ntawv ntawm tes. Lub tswv yim ntawm kev txo phau ntawv tseem ceeb tshaj qhov hloov nws.
