Loj Castings
Cov hlau castings hais txog cov khoom ua los ntawm cov hlau cam, uas muaj cov khoom zoo sib xws rau cov hlau cam tab sis muaj zog dua cov hlau cam khwb cia. Cov hlau castings ua rau muaj qhov tsis zoo xws li qhov pore tsis xws luag thiab qhov tsis raug ntawm qhov chaw thaum lub sij hawm casting txheej txheem, thiab cov casing yuav tawg nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntev siv.
1. Qhov zoo
Ib qho ntawm qhov zoo ntawm steel castings yog qhov yooj ntawm kev tsim. Cov neeg tsim qauv muaj kev ywj pheej tsim loj tshaj plaws hauv cov duab thiab qhov loj ntawm cov castings, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau cov khoom uas muaj cov duab nyuaj thiab cov seem hollow. Hlau castings tuaj yeem siv cov txheej txheem tshwj xeeb ntawm cov tub ntxhais sib dhos.
Ua. Nws txoj kev tsim thiab kev hloov pauv yog qhov yooj yim heev, thiab kev hloov pauv ceev los ntawm kev kos duab mus rau cov khoom tiav yog ceev heev, uas yog qhov tsim nyog rau cov lus teb sai thiab ua kom lub sij hawm luv luv.
Qhov zoo tshaj plaws tsim ntawm cov duab thiab zoo, qhov tsawg tshaj plaws kev ntxhov siab concentration, thiab lub zog tshaj tag nrho cov qauv, tag nrho cov qhia txog qhov yooj thiab kev siv technology zoo ntawm steel casting tsim:
1) Lub metallurgical manufacturing ntawm steel castings muaj zog adaptability thiab variability. Cov khoom sib txawv ntawm cov tshuaj sib txawv thiab cov qauv tswj tau raug xaiv los hloov kho raws li qhov yuav tsum tau ua ntawm ntau yam haujlwm; cov khoom siv kho tshuab thiab siv tau tuaj yeem xaiv tau ntau dua los ntawm cov txheej txheem kev kho cua sov sib txawv Kev ua tau zoo thiab muaj kev ua haujlwm vuam zoo thiab kev ua haujlwm zoo.
2) Lub isotropy ntawm cam khwb cia hlau cov ntaub ntawv thiab lub zog tag nrho cov qauv ntawm cov cam khwb cia hlau qhov chaw txhim kho engineering kev ntseeg tau. Ua ke nrog qhov zoo ntawm kev txo qhov hnyav tsim thiab lub sijhawm luv luv, nws muaj kev sib tw kom zoo dua ntawm cov nqi thiab kev lag luam.
3) Qhov hnyav ntawm cov hlau castings tuaj yeem sib txawv hauv ntau yam. Qhov hnyav me me tuaj yeem yog peev precision castings tsuas yog kaum ntawm grams, thaum qhov hnyav ntawm cov hlau loj loj tuaj yeem ncav cuag ob peb tons, kaum ob tons, lossis txawm ntau pua tons.
2. Qhov tsis zoo
(1) Lub koom haum tsis sib xws. Tom qab cov kua hlau yog txhaj rau hauv pwm, txheej ntawm cov kua hlau uas thawj zaug hu rau lub pwm phab ntsa muaj qhov kub siab tshaj plaws poob, yog li nws solidifies sai rau hauv finer nplej.
Raws li qhov kev ncua deb ntawm phab ntsa pwm nce, qhov cuam tshuam ntawm phab ntsa pwm maj mam tsis muaj zog, thiab cov muaju loj hlob mus rau hauv cov kab nrib pleb sib npaug mus rau ib leeg raws li cov kev taw qhia perpendicular mus rau phab ntsa pwm. Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub casting, lub tshav kub dissipation tsis muaj qhov tseem ceeb directionality, thiab nws muaj peev xwm loj hlob nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov lus qhia kom txog rau thaum nws los txog rau hauv kev sib cuag nrog ib tug, yog li ib tug equiaxed siv lead ua cheeb tsam yog tsim. Nws tuaj yeem pom tau tias cov qauv hauv qhov casting tsis zoo ib yam, thiab feem ntau hais lus, cov nplej kuj yog coarse.
(2) Lub koom haum tsis tuab. Lub crystallization ntawm cov kua hlau ua mus rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm ceg, thiab cov kua hlau ntawm cov ceg thaum kawg solidifies, tab sis nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau cov ceg yuav tsum tau sau tag nrho los ntawm cov kua hlau, uas ua rau lub general non-compactness ntawm castings.
Tsis tas li ntawd, cov kua hlau txhaj rau hauv pwm shrinks nyob rau hauv ntim thaum lub sij hawm txias thiab solidification yam tsis tau txaus replenished, thiab tej zaum kuj yuav ua rau xoob los yog txawm shrinkage qhov. Graphite nyob rau hauv hlau castings feem ntau tshwm nyob rau hauv loj-loj flakes, spheres, los yog lwm yam duab, thiab kuj yuav suav hais tias yog ib tug tsis-compact qauv.
(3) Qhov saum npoo yog ntxhib. Qhov saum npoo yog feem ntau ntxhib thiab tsis tuaj yeem muab piv nrog lub tshuab ua haujlwm, thiab cov duab kuj tseem nyuaj Vim yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov hlau castings, yuav luag txhua qhov kev lag luam yuav tsum tau siv steel castings hauv nkoj thiab tsheb, kev tsim kho tshuab, engineering machinery, fais fab tuag. cov khoom siv hauv chaw nres tsheb, mining machinery thiab metallurgical khoom, aviation, thiab aerospace khoom, roj qhov dej, thiab cov khoom siv tshuaj, thiab lwm yam.
Daim ntawv thov tshwj xeeb yog dav. Raws li rau daim ntawv thov ntawm steel castings nyob rau hauv ntau yam kev lag luam sectors, qhov teeb meem tej zaum yuav txawv heev vim txawv tej yam kev mob nyob rau hauv ntau lub teb chaws.
Muaj ntau ntau yam ntawm steel castings. Ntawm no yog cov lus piav qhia luv luv ntawm kev siv cov hlau castings hauv ntau qhov kev lag luam loj.
Kev siv cov hlau castings
1. Cov khoom siv fais fab chaw nres tsheb
Cov cuab yeej siv hluav taws xob yog cov khoom siv high-tech, thiab nws cov khoom tseem ceeb tau ua haujlwm tsis tu ncua rau lub sijhawm ntev nyob rau hauv siab load. Ntau qhov chaw ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thermal thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob nuclear tseem yuav tsum tau tiv thaiv corrosion ntawm qhov kub thiab txias siab, yog li qhov kev ntseeg siab ntawm cov khoom muaj nruj heev.
Steel castings tuaj yeem ua tau raws li cov kev cai no rau qhov loj tshaj plaws thiab tau siv dav hauv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob.
2. Railway locomotives thiab tsheb
Kev thauj mus los hauv kev tsheb ciav hlau yog ze rau kev nyab xeeb ntawm tib neeg lub neej thiab khoom, yog li ntawd. Nws tseem ceeb heev kom muaj kev nyab xeeb. Qee qhov tseem ceeb ntawm dov Tshuag, xws li lub log, sab ncej, bolsters, couplers, thiab lwm yam, yog tag nrho cov tsoos hlau castings.
Cov kev hloov pauv siv hauv kev tsheb ciav hlau hloov pauv yog ib qho khoom siv uas tiv taus kev cuam tshuam thiab kev sib txhuam. Cov kev ua haujlwm yog qhov hnyav heev thiab cov duab yog qhov nyuaj heev.
3. Kev tsim kho, kev tsim kho tshuab, thiab lwm yam tsheb
Loj Ob Chav Helical Gears Ua los ntawm Castings Steel
Cov kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev tsim kho tshuab thiab engineering tshuab tsis zoo heev. Feem ntau ntawm cov khoom yog raug rau siab loads los yog yuav tsum tau muaj kev cuam tshuam thiab hnav. Ib feem loj ntawm lawv yog cov hlau castings, xws li tsav lub log, lub log load-bearing, thiab rocker caj npab hauv mobile systems. , Taug qab khau, thiab lwm yam.
Cov hlau castings tsis tshua muaj siv nyob rau hauv tsheb dav hlau, tab sis ntau cov hlau castings kuj tau siv nyob rau hauv qhov txav ntawm cov tsheb tshwj xeeb off-road thiab cov tsheb loj.
Tsim tawm
(1) Smelting ntawm cam khwb cia hlau. Cam khwb cia hlau yuav tsum tau smelted nyob rau hauv hluav taws xob furnaces, feem ntau yog hluav taws xob arc rauv thiab induction furnaces. Raws li cov khoom siv hauv ob sab phlu thiab cov slag system siv, nws tuaj yeem muab faib ua kua qaub rauv thiab alkaline rauv. Cov pa roj carbon steel thiab cov hlau tsis tshua muaj hlau tuaj yeem smelted hauv txhua qhov cub, tab sis cov hlau alloy siab tsuas tuaj yeem smelted hauv qhov cub alkaline.
(2) Casting txheej txheem. Cam khwb cia hlau muaj lub siab melting point, tsis zoo fluidity, thiab molten steel yog yooj yim rau oxidize thiab tau roj. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws qhov ntim shrinkage yog 2 mus rau 3 npaug ntawm grey cam khwb cia hlau. Yog li ntawd, qhov kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov cam khwb cia hlau tsis zoo, thiab nws yog qhov ua rau muaj qhov tsis zoo xws li tsis txaus pouring, porosity, shrinkage kab noj hniav, thermal cracking, xuab zeb sticking, thiab deformation.
Txhawm rau tiv thaiv cov teeb meem saum toj no, cov kev ntsuas sib xws yuav tsum tau ua hauv cov txheej txheem.
Cov xuab zeb moulding siv hauv kev tsim cov hlau castings yuav tsum muaj siab refractoriness thiab anti-sticking zog, nrog rau siab zog, huab cua permeability, thiab tawm.
Cov xuab zeb nyoos feem ntau yog siv cov xuab zeb loj thiab tsis sib xws; txhawm rau tiv thaiv cov xuab zeb, cov kab noj hniav feem ntau yog coated nrog ntau dua refractory xim; thaum tsim cov khoom loj, nws feem ntau yog siv hauv cov xuab zeb lossis dej iav xuab zeb sai dua li casting. Txhawm rau txhim kho lub zog thiab thim rov qab ntawm cov pwm, ntau yam khoom ntxiv yog feem ntau ntxiv rau cov xuab zeb molding.
Nyob rau hauv tus tsim ntawm lub rooj vag system thiab riser. Txij li thaum cam khwb cia carbon steel nyhav rau solidify txheej los ntawm txheej thiab shrinks heev, lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm nruj sequential solidification yog siv los teeb tsa lub rooj vag system thiab riser. Tiv thaiv kom tsis txhob shrinkage thiab shrinkage. Feem ntau hais lus, risers yog xav tau rau cov hlau castings. Cov hlau txias kuj siv ntau dua. Tsis tas li ntawd, lub hauv qab-txheej pouring system nrog ib tug yooj yim cov duab thiab ib tug loj cross-sectional cheeb tsam yuav tsum tau siv ntau npaum li ua tau kom cov molten steel sau cov pwm sai thiab smoothly.
(3) Kev kho cua sov. Kev kho cua sov ntawm cam khwb cia hlau feem ntau yog annealing lossis normalizing. Annealing feem ntau yog siv rau cov hlau castings nrog w(C) Ntau dua lossis sib npaug rau 0.35 feem pua lossis tshwj xeeb yog cov qauv nyuaj. Xws li castings muaj cov yas tsis zoo, siab casting kev nyuaj siab, thiab yooj yim tawg. Normalizing feem ntau yog siv rau steel castings nrog w(C) Tsawg dua los yog sib npaug rau 0.35 feem pua . Hom hlau no muaj cov ntsiab lus qis carbon, zoo plasticity, thiab tsis yooj yim rau tawg thaum txias.
Kev tsis xws luag
Txawm hais tias qhov tsis xws luag tsim nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem casting ntawm steel castings zoo ib yam li cov tsim los ntawm ingot casting, lawv tseem yog cov txheej txheem tsis xws luag. Feem ntau cov txheej txheem tsis xws li pores, suav nrog, qhov shrinkage, porosity, thiab tawg.
(1) Pores ( npuas): Pores ( npuas) yog voids tsim vim cov roj ntau dhau ntawm cov hlau molten, noo noo, thiab huab cua permeability tsis zoo ntawm cov qauv. Lub pores nyob rau hauv lub casting yog muab faib mus rau hauv ib tug dispersed pores thiab ntom pores.
(2) Inclusions: Inclusions muab faib ua non-metallic inclusions thiab metallic inclusions. Non-metallic inclusions yog cov khoom tsim los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm cov hlau thiab roj thaum smelting los yog cov inclusions tsim los ntawm kev sib xyaw cov ntaub ntawv refractory thiab molding xuab zeb nrog molten hlau thaum casting. Hlau inclusions yog inclusions tsim los ntawm cov hlau tsis sib xws uas qee zaus poob rau hauv cov hlau molten thiab tsis yaj.
(3) Cov kab noj hniav Shrinkage: Cov kab noj hniav Shrinkage yog cov teeb meem tsim vim tias qhov ntim ntawm cov hlau molten tsis tuaj yeem ntxiv thaum txias thiab khov. Shrinkage qhov feem ntau yog nyob ze ntawm lub ncuav riser thiab qhov loj tshaj plaws ntawm cov hlais los yog qhov kev hloov tam sim ntawd ntawm qhov hla ntu.
(4) Porosity: vim tsis zoo smelting, pwm tsis zoo, thiab lwm yam., nplua nplej ciam teb tawg los yog nplua voids yog generated nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub phab ntsa thickness ntawm cov hlau casting, thiab cov qauv xoob yog tsim. Qhov no ntawm cov nplej Kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm lawv yog qhov tsis muaj zog (qhov tsim ntawm huab zoo li ntxoov ntxoo ntawm cov duab hluav taws xob).
(5) Crack: Crack yog hais txog qhov tsis xws luag tsim los ntawm ib feem ntawm qhov kev sib tsoo ntawm qhov casting vim qhov tsis muaj melting point impurities ntau dhau thaum lub caij txias thiab kev ntxhov siab ntau dhau (kev ntxhov siab thermal thiab kev ntxhov siab). Qhov twg muaj qhov hloov pauv tam sim ntawd hauv ntu loj ntawm qhov casting, qhov kev ntxhov siab concentration yog qhov hnyav thiab tawg yooj yim tshwm sim.
Hauv cov ntsiab lus, qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov txheej txheem tsis xws luag hauv steel castings yog lawv cov duab; qhov tsis xws luag hauv kev siv cov hlau castings feem ntau yog qaug zog tawg, nrog rau cov neeg kho tshuab qaug zog tawg thiab thermal qaug zog tawg.
Tshawb pom
Teeb meem hauv kev tshawb nrhiav
1. Tsis zoo ultrasound nkag
Coarse siv lead ua nplej, cov qauv tsis sib xws, thiab lwm yam kev sib tshuam, txhua yam txhim khu kev tawg ntawm ultrasonic tsis, thiab lub zog attenuation yog loj kom cov thickness tuaj yeem me dua li ntawm forgings.
2. Ntau yam cuam tshuam clutter
Thaum lub suab nthwv dej yog tawg rau ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, tsis muaj tus qauv ntom thiab cov paib sib xyaw ntawm cov paib tawg loj dua thiab tau txais los ntawm cov kev sojntsuam; qhov ntxhib casting nto yuav tsim clutter ntawm lub suab nthwv dej reflection; cov no yuav raug tso tawm rau ntawm lub vijtsam oscilloscope Nws yog qhov tsis zoo ntawm hav zoov zoo li ncha (tseem hu ua nyom zoo li ncha), uas tuaj yeem ua dej nyab qhov tsis xws luag thiab cuam tshuam rau kev txheeb xyuas qhov tsis xws luag.
3. Tsis zoo nto coupling tej yam kev mob
Qhov saum npoo ntawm cov hlau casting yog ntxhib, uas tsis haum rau kev sib txuas ntawm lub suab, qhov tawv tawv yog loj, thiab nws nyuaj rau polish.
4. Nws yog qhov nyuaj rau kev txheeb xyuas qhov tsis xws luag
Vim qhov loj attenuation ntawm lub suab nthwv dej los ntawm cov hlau castings thiab cov duab tsis xws luag, qhov kev ntsuam xyuas ntau ntawm cov kev tsis zoo raws li cov khoom siv dag zog muaj qhov yuam kev loj, thiab nws yog qhov nyuaj rau kev txheeb xyuas qhov tsis xws luag los ntawm kev suav.
Cov saum toj no yog raws nraim qhov nyuaj ntawm kev tshuaj xyuas casting, cov teeb meem no ua rau kev tshuaj xyuas casting raug rau qee yam kev txwv. Tab sis ntawm qhov tod tes, vim qhov kev xav tau qis dua ntawm castings, qhov loj dua thiab ntau dua ntawm ib qho tsis xws luag raug tso cai, thiab qhov tsis tu ncua ntawm qhov chaw uas muaj qhov tsis xws luag tshwm sim yog qhov muaj zog, yog li kev tshuaj xyuas casting tseem muaj qee yam nqi.
Kev kuaj xyuas txoj kev
1) Rau me me thiab nruab nrab-qhov loj me castings (tshwj xeeb tshaj yog peev precision castings), uas yog me me, lub teeb nyob rau hauv qhov hnyav, thiab tsis ua hauj lwm, lawv muaj peev xwm yuav magnetized nyob rau hauv tsawg kawg yog ob tug perpendicular lus qhia ntawm ib tug ruaj magnetic particle soj ntsuam tshuab.
Nws yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws los siv cov tam sim no ncaj qha lossis pulsating ncaj qha tam sim no, thiab siv txoj kev ntub dej txuas ntxiv rau kev tshuaj xyuas. Direct tam sim no txoj kev, pas nrig-los ntawm txoj kev, flux method, thiab coil method yog txhua yam muaj.
2) Rau qhov loj thiab hnyav castings, magnetize qhov chaw los yog ib cheeb tsam nyob rau hauv tsawg kawg yog ob qho kev qhia perpendicular. Nws yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws los siv lub tshuab hluav taws xob los yog lub xov tooj ntawm tes sib nqus qhov teeb meem nrog DC los yog ib nrab-yoj rectification, thiab siv txoj kev sib cuag los yog txoj kev quab yuam, txoj kev qhuav nruam, los yog ntub nruam txoj kev los xyuas qhov chaw los yog partitions ntawm castings. Kev ntsuam xyuas feem ntau yuav tsum tau ua nyob rau hauv ob qho tib si perpendicular cov lus qhia.
3) Txhawm rau tiv thaiv kom tsis txhob kub hnyiab ntawm cov casting nyob rau hauv kev sib cuag nrog cov electrode, nws raug nquahu kom siv cov kev ntsuas hauv qab no: thaum qhov kev sib cuag tsis nyob rau hauv tag nrho kev sib cuag nrog lub nto ntawm lub casting, tsis muaj tam sim no txuas, thiab kev sib cuag tsuas yog. tshem tawm thaum tam sim no tau raug txiav. Thiab siv cov neeg sib cuag kom huv thiab tsim nyog. Rau qhov chaw du thiab huv si uas tau raug machined, yuav tsum siv txoj kev yoke.
4) Vim muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm kev ntxhov siab, qee qhov tawg (txias tawg) ntawm cov hlau castings yuav ncua kev tawg, yog li lawv yuav tsum tsis txhob sim tam sim tom qab casting tab sis yuav tsum tau sim tom qab 1 mus rau 2 hnub.
5) Yog hais tias qhov tsis xws luag casting ntau tshaj li tus qauv lees paub thiab raug tsis lees paub, thiab kev khawb (shovel) thiab kho vuam raug tso cai, qhov chaw kho vuam yuav tsum tau ua tib zoo saib xyuas cov kab nrib pleb qeeb.
6) Kev tshuaj xyuas yuav tsum tau ua nrog lub qhov muag liab qab, thiab lub iav tsom iav tsis pub ntau tshaj 3 zaug tuaj yeem siv tsuas yog hauv kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm 001 thiab 01 qib zoo.
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